Aromatic network for power distribution system

Electricity is an essential part of our existence in present days but inconsistent supply of electricity during tropical cyclones and natural disasters or fault in grid can create a dilemma over our life style, especially for remote area or island and even for the entire nation. These problems can be addressed at the distribution level by using smart, self-controlled and resilient micro electric grid that can operate on its own as microgrid or with grid connected mode as distribution network and energized by Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Three different designs of distribution network are commonly used and modified as microgrid structure which are: radial network, ring/loop network and mesh network architecture. Each of them has serious drawbacks to work during the disaster situations especially during the tropical cyclone or even snowstorm. To overcome these situation; a novel distribution network with better control and management techniques is designed here which is intrinsically potential for the future power systems to achieve reliability, efficiency and quality power supply even during the disaster. This design is essentially inspired by natural structure of an aromatic molecule which could be applied in the grid structure that would be strong enough to withstand any unexpected situations or faults. The novel network structure is represented as an aromatic molecule, like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) where hexagonal benzene is the basic element for the network. This aromatic structure and the properties of the compound are used as the concept of the proposed design for the distribution network to ensure better stability and resiliency. Moreover, self-healing mechanism is embedded in the distribution system to minimize system interruptions during common faults. Finally, to maximize energy efficiency and reduce human effort, smart wireless communication system, effective control technology and switching of distributed generations (DG’s) with respect to demand and consumption have been included in this network design

Design of an optimum MPPT controller for solar energy system

Solar energy is compared to be the best potential source of renewable energy in Pacific region. For this reason a photovoltaic cell is needed to harvest this kind of energy, gathering the most of it and the PV having a good efficiency. The maximum efficiency is achieved when the PV works at its Maximum Power Point which entirely depends on the irradiation and temperature. This paper proposes a new design of hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking and a comparative study is made with various existing MPPT techniques which include Perturb and Observe method, Incremental Conductance and Fuzzy Logic. From the comprehensive comparison study between existing MPPT technique and the proposed MPPT technique/theory, a hardware setup was demonstrated to verify the proposed design by charge controller in photovoltaic systems to which maximize the output power under various lighting conditions. The design is based on the computed results using the buck-boost DC-DC conveter. From the simulation, the proposed method tends to show better performance with almost no oscillations around the MPP

Impact of Wind Generators in Power System Stability

Wind electricity is one of the quickest developing renewable resources of power. This rapid development is expected considering the environmental factors, but in terms of power system stability, it comes with a number of concerns. Generators play a vital role on stability for a particular capacity and design of a network. This paper investigated the overall performance of 3 foremost types of wind turbines via small signal stability analysis on IEEE 9 bus system. Simulations have been done and established that the generators dynamic model have significant impact on power system stability at different capacity of the generators

Configurations of aromatic networks for power distribution system

A distribution network is one of the main parts of a power system that distributes power to customers. While there are various types of power distribution networks, a recently introduced novel structure of an aromatic network could begin a new era in the distribution levels of power systems and designs of microgrids or smart grids. In order to minimize blackout periods during natural disasters and provide sustainable energy, improve energy efficiency and maintain stability of a distribution network, it is essential to configure/reconfigure the network topology based on its geographical location and power demand, and also important to realize its self-healing function. In this paper, a strategy for reconfiguring aromatic networks based on structures of natural aromatic molecules is explained. Various network structures are designed, and simulations have been conducted to justify the performance of each configuration. It is found that an aromatic network does not need to be fixed in a specific configuration (i.e., a DDT structure), which provides flexibility in designing networks and demonstrates that the successful use of such structures will be a perfect solution for both distribution networks and microgrid systems in providing sustainable energy to the end users

Power quality improvement of distribution network using BESS and capacitor bank

The power demand around the world is increasing rapidly. The aging distribution network architectures are used by the existing utility companies to deliver power to the consumers, which significantly affects the reliability, stability and quality of the delivered power. Different techniques such as compensation devices have been used by power system engineers and researchers to maintain the quality of power transmitted to end users. In this paper, wattage and volt-amp reactive (VAR) planning scheme has been proposed by using the combination of battery energy storage systems and compensators to deal with the vulnerability of networks to voltage drop and system inefficiency. The cost-effective combination of battery energy storage system (BESS) and shunt capacitor bank will then be analyzed to indicate the benefit of the proposed scheme

Maze solving robot with automated obstacle avoidance

A quick development of innovation moves us to plan the best choice for an accurate mission. Numerous independent automated innovations are intimated in the lives of individuals making their work much easier. It has been seen that automated vehicles are presented so far, with shrewd abilities after enormous measures of cash spent yearly on the examination. Here in this paper, autonomous maze solving robot is developed with independent mapping and localization skill. Firstly, the maze solving vehicle is designed with three infrared sensors of which two is used for wall detection to avoid collision and the third is for obstacle detection for picking and placing the objects to clear its pathway with the help of robotic arm. Also, it desires to use robot where an environment unreachable for human. In addition, there are also places where use of robots is the only way to achieve a goal. For this, appropriate placement of sensory devices is very critical. We have successfully implemented a maze solving ability onto the robot so called MazeBot. It has been tested that the robot can solve the maze successfully without any interruption with the walls and the objects. In this design, the accuracy of measurements and the real-time processing allied with minimum processing power are the key components in overall embedded design

Reliability of power distribution networks with renewable energy sources

To improve economical, technological and social growth of a community, stable and reliable power supply is essential. The electric power companies around the world are working to meet the customer satisfaction with major concern of reducing power failure rates in distribution networks. Appropriate information on systems performance is required to measure and improve the reliability of the system. In this paper, IEEE 13 bus radial distribution network has been converted in to ring and mesh networks to identify their reliability based on reliability indices and factors. Finally, renewable energy sources have been integrated into the ring and mesh networks to determine the networks performance with comparison to the fossil fuel based distributed generation

Power quality improvement of distribution network using optimum combination of battery energy storage system and capacitor banks

This paper proposes static and dynamic Volt Amp Reactive (VAR) planning based on the active and reactive power profile enhancing for dynamic voltage stability of distribution networks with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and capacitor bank using VAR planning scheme on distribution networks. Firstly, the impact of dynamic high impedance and resistive non-linear loads in the static voltage stability of the system has been studied and the effects of complex load behaviour on system dynamical performance is presented through a system stability analysis for three network structures. A VAR planning method is proposed where active and reactive loadability (P-Q) is considered to analyse the vulnerability of the network to voltage collapse and system inefficiency. Compensating devices are placed considering P-Q loadability to improve system voltage profile and stability limit. Finally, a cost-effective combination of BESS and capacitor bank is determined through static and dynamic analysis to ensure voltage stability of the network. The results show that the proposed approach can reduce the required sizes of compensating devices which reduces costs, enhances the voltage regulation of the system and minimizes power losses

Modeling residential electricity consumption from public demographic data for sustainable cities

Demographic factors, statistical information, and technological innovation are prominent factors shaping energy transitions in the residential sector. Explaining these energy transitions re-quires combining insights from the disciplines investigating these factors. The existing literature is not consistent in identifying these factors, nor in proposing how they can be combined. In this paper, three contributions are made by combining the key demographic factors of households to estimate household energy consumption. Firstly, a mathematical formula is developed by considering the demographic determinants that influence energy consumption, such as the number of persons per household, median age, occupancy rate, households with children, and number of bedrooms per household. Secondly, a geographical position algorithm is proposed to identify the geographical locations of households. Thirdly, the derived formula is validated by collecting demographic factors of five statistical regions from local government databases, and then compared with the electricity consumption benchmarks provided by the energy regulators. The practical feasibility of the method is demonstrated by comparing the estimated energy consumption values with the electricity consumption benchmarks provided by energy regulators. The comparison results indicate that the error between the benchmark and estimated values for the five different regions is less than 8% (7.37%), proving the efficacy of this method in energy consumption estimation processes

Ancillary Services for Transmission and Distribution Grids using Energy Storage

The rising environmental concerns have resulted in a steady growth of renewable energy in power systems. This has led to technical challenges, causing either voltage issues, thermal overloading, or system strength concerns that affect the dynamic and transient stability performance of power systems. This thesis contributes to addressing the technical challenges faced by the current power systems by developing novel strategies to provide ancillary support, including voltage control to mitigate overvoltage and voltage fluctuation issues, peak shaving to mitigate thermal overloading, and improving the strength of weak grids using battery energy storage systems. To demonstrate the utility and scalability in addressing real-world problems, the proposed methodologies are compared to existing methods and tested using realistic scenarios. The first contribution of this thesis is developing a novel method for mitigating reverse power flow, overvoltage, and voltage fluctuation issues by optimizing the placement and sizing of commercially available residential batteries. The proposed method incorporates the cost of the battery operation in the planning stages to provide an overview of deploying residential batteries for grid support. The implications of introducing battery operation costs at the planning stages are demonstrated by solving four different optimization problems with the costs defined as over-voltage, voltage fluctuations, battery costs (investment, operation, and maintenance costs), and multiple objective operations. The proposed method allows minimum BESS installations to provide maximum grid benefits for mitigating reverse power flow and voltage issues in distribution grids. The second contribution is developing a robust strategy for peak shaving and congestion management in distribution networks. A bi-level planning and operation framework is proposed for the optimal allocation of electric vehicle charging stations and the optimum scheduling of electric vehicle batteries. Electric vehicle charging stations are planned to minimize voltage deviations and distribution network losses. Then, the proposed priority-based scheduling algorithm uses vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle technology to charge and discharge the electric vehicle batteries. The batteries are charged during high-priority periods to meet the user requirements and discharged during low or medium-priority periods to provide grid support. The thermal overloading in the distribution network is avoided by reducing the peak load through the optimum scheduling of electric vehicles. The third contribution addresses the system strength issues in weak grids with high renewable energy. A novel method for optimal placement and sizing industrial batteries is proposed to improve the system strength by increasing the short circuit ratio and fault ride-though capabilities of renewable energy farms. The importance of optimizing the locations and sizes of batteries is motivated using three cases for a weak grid. Based on the studies, it is shown that a systematic approach is required to resolve the system strength issues. The system strength is increased using the optimal placement and sizing of batteries by keeping the short circuit ratio at the renewable energy connection points greater than the minimum required values. The emerging concern with fault ride-through capability as a good indicator of short circuit ratio is also addressed. It is shown that the simpler process of increasing the short circuit ratio leads to improved fault ride-through capabilities